The divergence between the collectively agreed wage, the negotiated earnings, and the actual wage, the effective earnings (the amount by which actual earnings exceed negotiated earnings). – Sometimes only the process of spreading is referred to as wage drift, and the condition is then called wage range. – See compensation per capita, labor costs, unemployment rate, Balassa-Samuelson effect, deputation, fringe benefits, index of collective earnings, unit labor costs, minimum wage unemployment, two-pillar principle. – Cf. ECB Monthly Bulletin of October 2006, pp. 36 ff. (Development of wage drift in the euro area since 1996), Deutsche Bundesbank Monthly Bulletin of December 2011, p. 17 (Wage drift in Germany since 2007; overview), ECB Monthly Bulletin of January 2013, pp. 40 ff. (Wage drift in the euro area; overviews).
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