Public Finance

The deficit ratio measures a government’s fiscal shortfall relative to the size of its economy. It is calculated by comparing general government borrowing with GDP, using …

Deficit-debt adjustment is the set of factors that explain why public borrowing or debt growth may differ from the reported fiscal deficit. It captures effects such …

Direct taxes are government charges borne by the persons or organisations on whom they are imposed, rather than being passed on through the price of goods …

Discretionary fiscal policy consists of intentional adjustments to public finances, including changes to taxes, government purchases, or benefit payments, made by policymakers to achieve economic or …