International Economic Terms

An end user is the individual or organisation that uses an electronic payment instrument within a payment scheme or comparable arrangement to transfer value. Depending on …

Enforcement and sanctioning powers are legal instruments through which a prudential supervisor responds to non-compliance. An enforcement measure directs an institution or, where the legal framework …

eProcurement is the use of digital systems to manage purchasing and procurement activities. It may cover the electronic publication of tenders, supplier registration and selection, quotation …

The equilibrium real interest rate, often termed the natural rate, is the inflation-adjusted policy rate compatible with balanced economic conditions: output is close to its sustainable …

Equity denotes the ownership interest in a corporation or quasi-corporation. It represents the amount attributable to owners once the entity’s liabilities have been deducted from its …

Equity markets channel investment into corporate ownership. Companies obtain funds by offering ownership claims to investors, while those investors can later trade the claims among themselves. …

Equity securities are tradable claims that give investors a stake in a company. They include listed shares bought and sold on exchanges or other organised markets, …

Within ERM II, fluctuation margins specify the exchange-rate range around a participating currency’s agreed central rate against the euro. The margins are set jointly by the …

Errors and omissions is the balancing item in a country’s balance of payments. It records the net discrepancy between the measured entries in the current, capital …

Errors and omissions is a residual entry in balance-of-payments statistics. It is used when the recorded values of transactions do not produce the equality required by …