Univ.-Prof. Dr. Gerhard Merk, Dipl.rer.pol., Dipl.rer.oec.A close link exists when an individual or organization can exercise substantial influence over an undertaking, or when the same person or body has that influence over multiple undertakings. This includes holding at least 20% of an undertaking’s equity or voting power, directly or through an intermediary, as well as other arrangements that confer control…. read more »
Under CRD IV, banks must maintain a capital conservation buffer consisting of Common Equity Tier 1 capital. Set at as much as 2.5% of risk-weighted exposures, this reserve is built up in ordinary times so that institutions have additional capacity to absorb losses during financial downturns.
CRR/CRD IV is the EU banking rulebook that sets the framework for how banks and certain investment firms are authorised, supervised, and required to manage financial risk. It combines directly applicable capital and risk rules with national legislation governing supervisory responsibilities and market access. The framework reflects the Basel III reforms and is designed to… read more »
A cash dispenser is a customer-operated terminal that provides physical money without requiring assistance from branch staff. It commonly uses a bank card or another secure credential to verify the customer and may offer additional account services alongside cash delivery. The device is also widely known as an automated teller machine (ATM).
Cash withdrawal refers to receiving notes or coins using funds held with a financial provider, typically through a card, device, or other approved method. The provider subtracts the withdrawn amount from the relevant balance and may apply security checks, transaction limits, or fees.
A cash-in machine is a bank-operated terminal that credits physical euro notes to a customer’s account after the customer has been authenticated. It is designed solely for receiving deposits and cannot dispense cash, providing a self-service alternative to branch-counter deposits.
Cash-in-transit (CIT) companies provide secure handling and movement of currency and valuables as part of the cash-supply system. They may collect funds from retailers, replenish ATMs, deliver cash to financial institutions, and transfer currency to or from processing facilities. Their role is operational and logistical rather than that of a bank or other financial intermediary.
A central bank credit facility is a liquidity arrangement that allows approved financial institutions to borrow from the central bank when needed. The institution may draw funds against eligible assets or other agreed security, using mechanisms specified by the central bank. These arrangements help provide short-term funding and support the implementation of monetary policy.
The Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) is the EU rulebook for preparing banks and certain investment firms for financial distress and addressing failures when they occur. It requires firms and authorities to plan for potential problems and gives regulators tools to stabilize or wind down a failing institution while limiting disruption to the wider… read more »
Bilateral exposure measures the potential financial loss arising from a specific counterparty relationship if that counterparty does not fulfill its contractual duties. It can apply to lending, trading, settlement and other obligations involving institutions, companies, investors or public-sector entities. The measurement may reflect gross claims or be adjusted for collateral, legally enforceable netting and other… read more »