All measures taken by a state with the aim of controlling foreign trade, usually with the intention of – providing protection from foreign competition for individual sectors of the economy or – achieving a balanced balance of payments. – See eighteen hundred and nineteen crisis, prohibitive system, ring fencing, imbalances, worldwide. – See ECB Monthly Bulletin, September 2009, pp. 17 ff. (risks of protectionism; references); ECB Monthly Bulletin, August 2010, pp. 101 ff. (detailed account of trade in the euro area), pp. 113 f. (covert forms of protectionism; references); ECB Monthly Bulletin, July 2013, pp. 95 ff. (creeping protectionism worldwide; many overviews).
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University Professor Dr. Gerhard Merk, Dipl.rer.pol., Dipl.rer.oec.
Professor Dr. Eckehard Krah, Dipl.rer.pol.
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