# Close links

- Canonical URL: https://www.gerhardmerk.de/close-links
- Post ID: 587366
- Modified: 2023-07-25T20:59:24+00:00
- Language: en

## Definition

According to Article 1 No. 26 of Directive 2000/12/EC of the Parliament and of the Council of the European Community of 20 March 2000 relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions, a "close link" is a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by - a) participation, i.e., the direct holding or holding by way of control of at least 20% of the voting rights or capital of an undertaking, or - b) control, i.e., a parent undertaking and a subsidiary, in all cases referred to in Article I(3) and (4) of Directive 83/349/EEC, or a similar relationship. of the voting rights or capital in an undertaking, or - b) control, i.e. the relationship between a parent undertaking and a subsidiary, in all the cases referred to in Article I(1) and (2) of Directive 83/349/EEC, or a similar relationship between any natural or legal person and an undertaking; any subsidiary undertaking of a subsidiary undertaking shall also be considered a subsidiary of the parent undertaking which is at the head of those undertakings. A situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are permanently linked to one and the same person by a control relationship shall also be regarded as constituting a close link between such persons." - See alliances, cross-border, shareholder control, financial conglomerate, holding company, control, group, correspondent banking relationship, voting rights disclosure, voting rights criterion. Attention: The financial encyclopedia is protected by copyright and may only be used for private purposes without express consent! University Professor Dr. Gerhard Merk, Dipl.rer.pol., Dipl.rer.oec. Professor Dr. Eckehard Krah, Dipl.rer.pol. E-mail address: info@ekrah.com https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Ernst_Merk https://www.jung-stilling-gesellschaft.de/merk/ https://www.gerhardmerk.de/

## Machine-readable

- Generator: Merk Knowledge 1.1.1